不同根的有理展开定理
如果 $R(x) = \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}$ ,其中 $Q(x) = q_0(1 - \rho_1x) \cdots (1 - \rho_lx)$ 而各 $\rho_i$ 均不相同,又如果 $P(x)$ 是一个次数小于 $l$ 的多项式,那么 $[x^n]R(x) = \sum_{i=1}^la_i\rho_i^n$ ,其中 $a_i = \frac{-\rho_iP(\frac{1}{\rho_i})}{Q'(\frac{1}{\rho_i})}$
证明:
感谢 @FSYo 的讲解
易发现,如果 $R(x) = \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)}$ 等于 $S(x) = \frac{a_1}{1 - \rho_1x} + \cdots + \frac{a_l}{1 - \rho_lx}$
,那么公式成立
化简 $S(x)$ 得 $S(x) =
\frac{q_0\sum_{i = 1}^{l}a_i\prod_{i \neq j}(1 - \rho_jx)}{q_0\prod_{i =
1}^{l}(1 - \rho_ix)} = \frac{q_0\sum_{i = 1}^la_i\prod_{i \neq j}(1 -
\rho_jx)}{Q(x)}$ ,因此我们只需要证明 $q_0\sum_{i =
1}^la_i\prod_{i \neq j}(1 - \rho_jx) = P(x)$
因为
$Q'(x) = ((1 - \rho_1x) \cdot
(q_0\prod_{i=2}^{l}(1 - \rho_ix)))'$
$= (1 - \rho_1x)'(q_0\prod_{i=1}^{l}(1 -
\rho_ix)) + (1 - \rho_1x)(q_0\prod_{i=2}^{l}(1 - \rho_ix))'$
$= (1 - \rho_1x)'(q_0\prod_{i \neq 1}(1 -
\rho_ix)) + (1 - \rho_2x)'(q_0\prod_{i \neq 2}(1 - \rho_ix)) + (1 - \rho_1x)(1
- \rho_2x)(q_0\prod_{i=3}^{l}(1 - \rho_ix))'$
$= \prod_{i=1}^{l}(1 -
\rho_ix)'(q_0\prod_{i \neq j}(1 - \rho_jx))$
$= \prod_{i=1}^{l}-\rho_i(q_0\prod_{i \neq
j}(1 - \rho_jx))$
所以若取 $x=\frac{1}{\rho_k}$,则 $q_0a_k\prod_{j \neq k}(1 - \frac{\rho_j}{\rho_k}) =
q_0\frac{-\rho_kP(\frac{1}{\rho_k})}{Q'(\frac{1}{\rho_k})}\prod_{j \neq k}(1 -
\rho_jx) = q_0\frac{-\rho_kP(\frac{1}{\rho_k})}{-\rho_k(q_0\prod_{j \neq k}(1 -
\frac{\rho_j}{\rho_k}))}\prod_{j \neq k}(1 - \rho_jx) = P(\frac{1}{\rho_k})$
所以 $q_0\sum_{i = 1}^la_i\prod_{i \neq j}(1
- \rho_jx) = P(x)$,由此得证 $S(x) = \frac{P(x)}{Q(x)} =
R(x)$
渲染好的:
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